“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 8 q% b; n4 u9 Z) `2 Qtvboxnow.com
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. 2 Y1 ?3 c% c/ { J4 H' D+ n* I
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. 2 J5 E' P* Z5 j* e
換言之，假如全權大臣越權商議，君主是有權拒絕公約。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb \+ L5 A2 W! Q/ c; n
那麼，君主能夠如何拒絕呢？即使全權代表已經同意條約，只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨，君主是有權拒絕條約的：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 j% o; s L$ Q! }4 M! n
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. ( N3 z: A) c+ E) d
另外，《國際法原理》第四節又指出，假如全權代表擅自立約，在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾，最終仍必須得到（君主）的准許：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 t. A! V# d! ~' {5 K) e
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. $ s+ k9 ^. b3 D& ^, d$ F4 z
此外，假如條約中包含了領土割讓，還需要得到被割讓一方的同意 [9] ：tvboxnow.com8 b$ }3 e) _3 ]5 o8 g
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. o6 q: D! z$ U- m( W& J
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加） 8 x, l/ _& e) K* DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2016-1-27 02:15 AM 編輯 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 K, P/ X% Z/ v% C; R [
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. I& o( i/ V% D; G' N: i
香港是如何開埠的？（二）— 時序篇：琦善有否同意割讓香港？! I. x* |& E0 b' \1 u0 c/ E4 y5 Z9 {
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" p/ p- k0 {+ N. \. _' n: p2 ]6 o
公仔箱論壇6 ^, H# {8 ~5 M+ L/ H$ N : W$ C2 ?" R9 P4 y+ q4 t公仔箱論壇1841 年 1 月 28 日，駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer) 發出照會「議將香港等處全島地方，讓給英國主掌，已有文據在案」tvboxnow.com+ K4 k2 I- w- R& G) w) H+ ^
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上篇《從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起》，談到 19 世紀國際法和平條約的基本概況和清朝欽差大臣的相關職權範圍。今篇將會從廣東談判中關於香港割讓的時序，分析琦善有否同意割讓香港。0 Z4 O7 |" U' q! u, [8 G$ ^
1841 年 1 月 26 日，英軍在升旗禮後，香港踏入開埠之路。為了使強佔的行為合理化和往後的長期貿易鋪路，必須一份聲稱雙方同意的正式法律文件 8 R8 Z4 w( E) B( q: w) L" w6 L! JTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1841 年 1 月 20 日，義律於澳門發布一份《給英國女皇陛下臣民的通知》，這份公佈香港割讓給英國的正式文件，後來稱為「穿鼻草約」或「穿鼻協定」 (Convention of Chunpee) [1] ：公仔箱論壇, A, ^$ A9 J' H
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 7 v8 T; A! |4 f- R9 O* \3 ?. stvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ：公仔箱論壇/ p& q! {5 s* U4 u4 z: p5 O
至此，什麼是義律所指「達成初步安排」的文據，還是不太清晰。公仔箱論壇" T$ W- C# K9 v6 j4 B, S+ A5 d
其後，在 1841 年 2 月 1 和 2 月 2 日，伯麥和義律分別發出關於香港已割讓予英國的公告，統稱為義律公告 (Elliot’s Proclamations) [3] 。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 c( H: J" w6 E% e$ t3 ]! K
2 月 1 日，伯麥和義律發表的公告：tvboxnow.com* O# |. M4 [& b3 T. c! k- y u
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' q+ Y! q% M7 E3 s+ _8 M
2 月 2 日，義律又向中外人士和傳媒發表第二份公告：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 c) u# P m7 w; Z
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……tvboxnow.com2 r5 \7 k6 `. T' g$ E! V3 @ E$ }
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ j r I! m4 ?* W- u* ^: T3 w4 T
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 , Z6 u: B" k% {* R% E- Q0 Q公仔箱論壇 # S5 {! X0 e4 }3 n$ @6 z( ^) G! Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題： : y7 Q5 S# [! N5 {
…姑為急則治標之計，則暫示羈糜于目前，即當備剿于將來也 [20] 。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% X o* o5 j' O' G& P4 {
截至 2 月 16 日，琦善仍沒有蓋印，明顯地，莫說 1 月 20 日義律在澳門發出通知中「達成了初步安排」，或是 2 月 1 和 2 日兩份公告中聲稱 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" 和 "under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" 均不可能提前發生，假如義律說早已於 1 月 20 日已與琦善簽訂了《穿鼻草約》，那根本毋需此後多次發出最後通牒脅迫琦善蓋印（最後的通牒死缐是 3 月 1 日。然而，義律早已急不及待，於 2 月 23 日已揮軍再攻虎門）。並且，既已簽約，琦善亦毋需分別在 1 月 31 日擬出《酌定章程》和 2 月 11-12 日重新提出《酌擬章程底稿》四條與義律再次洽談，而律義亦毋需於 2 月 13 日向琦善提出《善定事宜》作最後商議（關於上述兩章程的細節將於下篇《心態上》詳述）。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ G% e; A6 G h/ c/ w, a8 v
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. ) D k: F$ T! U* j7 Y8 w0 A# m. N
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加）3 s& D! Q: R' `9 B
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加） 0 x D7 x4 h" o1 h* P. Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.tvboxnow.com' y* _# @" G& k% l3 g& W( d
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
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公仔箱論壇( W' {: r( G; l# {& o
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