Erupting Volcanoes on Earth as Seen From Space

One of the most violent but beautiful reminders that we live on ageologically restless planet are volcanic
5 g4 |& ~2 Y/ K: n' Q9 o0 o) V' f& Veruptions. Around 550volcanoes have erupted at least once in historic times, and around 50or 60 are ! x" e4 S5 @. p! h/ ^
active each year. On any given day, as many as 10 volcanoesmay be spewing ash or lava somewhere on Earth.
& V2 x" }& S3 o, utvboxnow.comSome volcanoes, such as Mount Etna in Italy, erupt almost constantlyfor years on end. Others, like Mount St. Helens, 公仔箱論壇+ ^9 j! n9 y1 |9 y& N
erupt rarely andsometimes extremely destructively. Like Etna and Mount St. Helens, manyof the most dangerous tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! F$ R+ [' s$ l
and explosive erupters are stratovolcanoes, whichare made of layers of ash and lava from previous eruptions.
They tendto be steep-sided cone-shaped volcanoes and often rise strikingly abovethe surrounding landscape.. h* P- O8 U4 ?& P) `# [2 }% j- \! G: Y

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. H% }7 y% y$ E公仔箱論壇Many of the stunning images of eruptions captured from space are ofviolent stratovolcanoes, such as the one above tvboxnow.com, D5 z$ N# {: a& e( h% c
of Kliuchevskoi, themost active volcano on Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula. The image abovewas
2 ?- |3 h& ], ~3 m- x8 A2 c, b" I0 C" |taken by astronauts on the space shuttle Endeavour in 1994, as an eruption was just getting underway. The ash 公仔箱論壇+ s; P0 r2 t7 j: k7 }, z. a
plume reached as high as 50,000 feet.

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Augustine Volcano is a 4,100-foot-tall, 7-mile-wide stratovolcano. This eruption was captured by NASA’s Terra 9 E( L3 q4 R, w
satellite in 2006. Augustine’s dome collapsed in 1883, during its largest historical eruption. It has been erupting for at least 40,000 6 Q: c1 g4 e$ R+ W% Q3 q5 l
years. The island’s jagged edges were created by massive avalanches.
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Augustine lies in the Cook Inlet at the eastern end of the Aleutian trench which marks the northernmost portion of the Pacific Ring TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) [+ A9 [3 ?: }8 _* o
of Fire. Volcanic activity here is caused by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate. As the wet
$ }9 h( E& @0 i/ x' atvboxnow.comocean crust descends into the molten mantle below, superheated water is squeezed out and rises up to melt the bottom of + i* B& Y2 m! k+ e
the continental crust, creating magma that drives the volcanic eruptions5 G; T$ X) A7 {4 I  \& H6 ^
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Astronauts aboard the International Space Station caught a lucky glimpse of the start of this eruption of Sarychev Volcano
, s/ z" E5 Z( @% `; _公仔箱論壇in the Kuril Islands, northeast of Japan, on June 12, 2009. This was the volcano’s first eruption in 30 years.tvboxnow.com  J5 i8 h' |0 T( D

The smooth white cloud, known as a pileus cloud, topping the eruption column may be made of water condensation caused by rising 2 q. V8 ?" w4 v* F; ?7 m& C' O
and cooling of the air above. In contrast, a dark gray cloud of ash near the ground is probably an avalanche of hot ash and rock known tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 e: c0 f3 G2 L/ _& i1 N
as a pyroclastic flow.
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This photo sparked a debate among scientists about what caused the hole in the clouds above the eruption. Three possible options came up:

* It could have nothing to do with the eruption and simply be caused by the contrast in temperatures between the ocean and the island.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. Y, c& f2 }; H. I
* A shockwave from the eruption could have blown a hole in the cloud deck.
* As the plume rose, air flowed downward along the sides and became warmer and evaporated the clouds.
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Alaska’s Redoubt Volcano erupted five times in one night this year after almost three decades of relative quiet. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. \+ j$ x7 y2 M2 Y: c
It continued erupting on and off for weeks afterward. This image was taken by the commercial satellite GeoEye-1 on March 30 when
8 E4 ]" t6 T6 ` the ash reached heights of 27,000 feet. The volcano’s alert level is still “advisory,” and the aviation color code is yellow.3 L7 l0 z& h, V. G. @% S0 [4 r
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Redoubt is a 10,200-foot tall stratovolcano 100 miles southwest of Anchorage in the Aleutian Range, west of the Cook Inlet.
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Mount Etna is the second tallest volcano in Europe, at almost 11,000 feet. It is one of the most active volcanoes in公仔箱論壇, T3 K0 ~3 p& i3 m
the world and is erupting nearly continuously. It is no surprise that there are many great photos of this volcano erupting, including this one * S0 d. g. B2 T4 F" k( a$ x8 h
captured by astronauts on the International Space Station in 2002. The lighter colored plumes of smoke on the slope of the volcano in
/ r! g9 g. m  w( F5 jthis picture are from forest fires ignited by lava.& l2 O0 W4 S0 j# h/ U
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Etna is a stratovolcano located on the island of Sicily. It is one of the most studied volcanoes in the world and. at 500,000 years old, it may
8 e2 c7 p+ J/ x% U4 a7 Jtvboxnow.comalso be the oldest-known active volcano.
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A NASA astronaut spotted this eruption of Cleveland Volcano from the International Space Station in 2006. The volcano is 5,700 feet high tvboxnow.com& f- Q+ z# Q# M; X4 w
and claimed the only known eruption-related death in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands in 1944. Its symmetrical, cone shape is typical of stratovolcanoes.
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Popoépetcatl, which means “smoking mountain” in the Aztec language, is a very active volcano just 44 miles outside Mexico City.
- k0 y& G/ j- ]+ P5 P. @公仔箱論壇The second highest peak in Mexico at 17,800 feet, this glacier-covered stratovolcano has erupted at least 20 times in the last 500 years and has caused
5 \) K4 }; A8 \+ Kmultiple evacuations of the city. This eruption in 2001 was caught by astronauts on the International Space Station, near the end of a seven-year period tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 `* c5 |3 e  C# v& ?& k4 C( Y7 o
of frequent activity. The plume reached heights of around 30,000 feet.
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This eruption of Chaitén caldera in Chile was photographed from the International Space Station in May 2008. Volcanism along the 4 m" c9 L& Y; ^, P% ?
west coast of South America is the result of subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.
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Chaitén was last active more than 9,000 years ago. The violent 2008 eruption inundated the small coastal town of Chaitén with ash, pyroclastic
  p" I% {$ Q0 n$ `  W+ k" F9 Vflows and volcanic mudflows called lahars. The caldera is relatively small at less than two miles wide, and sits on the flank of the larger Michinmahuida volcano.
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8 O- p6 h' f5 Vtvboxnow.comThis image of the Sierra Negra volcano in the Galapagos Islands was taken by NASA’s Terra satellite in 2006. Sierra Negra
' v4 e6 b8 e& ~/ n' I公仔箱論壇is a shield volcano, which are made mostly of previous lava flows and tend to be broad and gently sloping. The Galapagos are part of an island chain
: k/ Q" E9 r( |; B# L8 tformed by a hot spot where a plume of hot mantle rises up and melts the base of the ocean crust. As the Pacific plate moves over the relatively
0 @$ @5 `' D. q# c/ u# Q8 e& }stationary hot spot, volcanoes are formed. The Hawaiian Islands were formed — and continue forming — the same way.
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NASA’s Terra satellite snapped this image of Shiveluch volcano erupting on Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula at the edge of the Pacific Ring of Fire in 2004. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! P( Q" e- M  f
A lava dome had been growing in the volcano’s crater, followed by intermittent eruptions that lasted weeks. Shiveluch is a 10,400-foot-high stratovolcano tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 L5 T- |2 C& x' L5 o: Y
that is at least 60,000 years old and has been erupting fairly often for the past 10 years. Its dome has collapsed multiple times, most recently in 1964, 公仔箱論壇2 ~1 u+ {/ v0 g
causing avalanches of debris into the crater.